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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Decentralized computing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a>.</div>

<p><b>Decentralized computing</b> is the allocation of resources, both <a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and <a href="Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a>, to each individual <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a>, or office location. In contrast, <a href="Centralized_computing" title="Centralized computing">centralized computing</a> exists when the majority of functions are carried out or obtained from a remote centralized location. Decentralized computing is a trend in modern-day business environments. This is the opposite of <a href="Centralized_computing" title="Centralized computing">centralized computing</a>, which was prevalent during the early days of computers.

A decentralized computer system has many benefits over a conventional centralized <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop computers</a> have advanced so rapidly, that their potential performance far exceeds the requirements of most <a href="Business_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Business application">business applications</a>. This results in most desktop computers remaining <a href="Idle_(CPU)" title="Idle (CPU)">idle</a> (in relation to their full potential). A decentralized system can use the potential of these systems to maximize efficiency. However, it is debatable whether these networks increase overall effectiveness.

</p><p>All computers have to be updated individually with new software, unlike a centralized computer system. Decentralized systems still enable <a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> and all computers can share <a href="Peripherals" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripherals">peripherals</a> such as <a href="Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a> and <a href="Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanners</a> as well as <a href="Modems" class="mw-redirect" title="Modems">modems</a>, allowing all the computers in the network to connect to the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.

</p><p>A collection of decentralized computers systems are components of a larger computer network, held together by local stations of equal importance and capability. These systems are capable of running independently of each other.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_decentralized_computing">Origins of decentralized computing</h2></div>

<p>The origins of decentralized computing originate from the work of <a href="David_Chaum" title="David Chaum">David Chaum</a>.

</p><p>During 1979 he conceived the first concept of a decentralized computer system known as <a href="Mix_network" title="Mix network">Mix Network</a>. It provided an anonymous email communications network, which decentralized the authentication of the messages in a protocol that would become the precursor to <a href="Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion Routing</a>, the protocol of the <a href="Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">TOR browser</a>. Through this initial development of an anonymous communications network, David Chaum applied his Mix Network philosophy to design the world's first decentralized payment system and patented it in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1982, for his PhD dissertation, he wrote about the need for decentralized computing services in the paper Computer Systems Established, Maintained and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaum proposed an electronic payment system called <a href="Ecash" title="Ecash">Ecash</a> in 1982. Chaum's company <a href="DigiCash" title="DigiCash">DigiCash</a> implemented this system from 1990 until 1998.

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></div>

<p>Based on a "grid model" a peer-to-peer system, or P2P system, is a collection of applications run on several computers, which connect remotely to each other to complete a function or a task. There is no main <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to which satellite systems are subordinate. This approach to <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> (and distribution) affords developers great savings, as they don't have to create a central control point. An example application is <a href="LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messaging</a> which allows users to communicate without a central server.

</p><p>Peer-to-peer networks, where no entity controls an effective or controlling number of the network nodes, running <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> also not controlled by any entity, are said to effect a <b>decentralized network protocol</b>. These networks are harder for outside actors to shut down, as they have no central headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-croman2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croman2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_sharing_applications">File sharing applications</h2></div>

<p>One of the most notable debates over decentralized computing involved <a href="Napster#Origin" title="Napster">Napster</a>, a music <a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> application, which granted users access to an enormous database of files. <a href="Record_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Record industry">Record companies</a> brought legal action against Napster, blaming the system for lost record sales. Napster was found in violation of <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws by distributing <a href="Copyright_infringement_of_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright infringement of software">unlicensed software</a>, and was shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the fall of Napster, there was demand for a file sharing system that would be less vulnerable to <a href="Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">litigation</a>. <a href="Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a>, a decentralized system, was developed. This system allowed files to be queried and shared between users without relying upon a central <a href="Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directory</a>, and this decentralization shielded the network from litigation related to the actions of individual users.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decentralized_web">Decentralized web</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Decentralized_web" title="Decentralized web">Decentralized web</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like "><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decentralized_web&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">

The decentralized web is a network of independent <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> that provide secure, censorship-resistant access to information and services without relying on central <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">servers</a> or <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">clouds</a>, using decentralized computing.</div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Centralized_computing" title="Centralized computing">Centralized computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_information_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized information technology">Decentralized information technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_network_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized network 42">Decentralized network 42</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_Autonomous_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Autonomous Organization">Decentralized Autonomous Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation_(information_technology)" title="Federation (information technology)">Federation (information technology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_social_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated social network">Federated social network</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchain</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">Decentralized finance</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPandlThiebesSchmidt-KraepelinSunyaev2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pandl, Konstantin D.; Thiebes, Scott; Schmidt-Kraepelin, Manuel; Sunyaev, Ali (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2981447">"On the Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Ledger Technology: A Scoping Review and Future Research Agenda"</a>. <i>IEEE Access</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">57075–</span>57095. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11017">2001.11017</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...857075P">2020IEEEA...857075P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2981447">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981447</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3536">2169-3536</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4529870">Patent US4529870</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaum, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaum.com/publications/research_chaum_2.pdf">Computer Systems Established, Maintained and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-croman2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croman2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCromanDeckerEyalGencer2016" class="citation book cs1">Croman, Kyle; Decker, Christian; Eyal, Ittay; Gencer, Adem Efe; Juels, Ari; Kosba, Ahmed; Miller, Andrew; Saxena, Prateek; Shi, Elaine; Gün Sirer, Emin; Song, Dawn; Wattenhofer, Roger (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8">"On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains: (A Position Paper)"</a></span>. <i>Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>125. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-53357-4_8">10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-662-53356-7</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelistaWriter2002" class="citation web cs1">Evangelista, Benny; Writer, Chronicle Staff (2002-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Napster-runs-out-of-lives-judge-rules-against-2774278.php">"Napster runs out of lives -- judge rules against sale"</a>. <i>SFGate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309222141/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Napster-runs-out-of-lives-judge-rules-against-2774278.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCrowcroft,_Jon._MoretonTim._Pratt,_Ian._Twigg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Crowcroft, Jon. Moreton; Tim. Pratt, Ian. Twigg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/2003/AdvSysTop/grid-p2p-paper.pdf">"Peer-to-Peer Systems and the Grid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-06</span></span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReid,_Alex1995" class="citation web cs1">Reid, Alex (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict.ox.ac.uk/oxford/strategy/1996/papers/itstratx.dis">"IT Strategy Review, Distributed Computing – Rough Draft"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-06</span></span>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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